1) It was Avogadro (option E).
The full name is Amadeo Avogadro. He was a famous Italian scientific. He formulated the Law that states that same volume of gases at same temperature and pressure corresponds same number of particles.
2) Cathode rays are electrons and have the largest charge mass / ratio of fundamental particles found in the atom (option E)
For example, electrons have the same charge magnitude than protons, but the mass of the electrons is a small fraction of the mass of the protons. (1/1840)
