I knew a few answers so I though I'd also do the rest. Next time, please post each question individually.
1. Common
2. Decreased
3. The Spoils System was a practice of giving government jobs and positions to the supports of the winning candidate.
4. Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation.
5. Trail of Tears
6. Having too much power and no accountability was unconstitutional.
7. Federal deposits
8. Panic of 18379. Tariffs
10. South Carolina
11. It means "invalidate" or to say it's unconstitutional
12. Senator Robert Hayne