The correct answer to the above question is option C) Gunpowder
Safavid Empire was an centered in and around modern Iran and is usually considered the birthplace of modern Iranian culture.
They were able to build one of the largest Empire in Asia due to the power of Gunpowders and Cannons.
Similarly, the Ottomans were known as a fringe dynasty until they were able to conquer Istanbul. This was made possible due to the use of large canons powered by gunpowder.
