Answer:
Option D.vaporization and sublimation
Explanation:
During vaporization, there is a change of state from the liquid form to the gaseous form. There is considerable amount of energy that is needed to break the forces between the water molecules. Heat energy is needed to break the force of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. In addition, the heat energy is called the heat of vaporization or Δ\(H_{vap}\) . After that, there is additional heat needed to make the gas molecules to gain more kinetic energy to move faster.
In sublimation, there is direct change from solid to gaseous state. The same principle applies to the process. The molecules are broken in the solid to the gaseous state. This is known as the heat of sublimation, Δ\(H_{sub}\)
