The correct answer is D) Conquered people with many of its citizens exiled to faraway captivity.
The statement that best describes the social characteristics of ancient Israel after the fall of Judah in 586 B.C.E is"Conquered people with many of its citizens exiled to faraway captivity."
We are about to refer to the Siege of Jerusalem. Emperor Nebuchadnezzar invaded Judah in 589 BCE. His troops captured and destroyed Jerusalem. The iconic Temple of Solomon was destroyed. Many people and rulers were taken into captivity in Babylon. So yes, conquered people with many of its citizens exiled to faraway captivity in cities such as Edom, Ammon or Moab.
