Lichens and mosses, followed by grasses and shrubs, slowly take root on a newly formed volcanic island. Eventually the grasses and shrubs are replaced by pine trees, which remain as a stable community. What is the role of pine trees in the island ecosystem?
Lichens and mosses, followed by grasses and shrubs, take root on a new formed volcanic island. The grasses and shrubs will eventually be replaced by the climax community.
